papers' contention that deeply rooted culture and social capital fueled the Nazi rise. The broader lesson is that research of … formal theory), and, most important, scrupulous attention to history and to the limitations of historical data. …

narrowly, focusing on the Allied air campaign against Germany in World War II. There are implications for history and policy …

objective, crisis innovation may also require different policy tools than innovation policy in non-crisis times, raising … innovation policy problems and the maturity of the U.S. innovation system. We then explore four key tradeoffs for crisis … World War II effort and use these lessons to speculate on the potential long-run effects of the COVID-19 crisis on …

World War II was one of the most acute emergencies in U.S. history, and the first where the mobilization of science and … general overview of how OSRD approached several questions that may confront any crisis innovation effort: priority setting … applied in specific contexts, but also heterogeneity. We conclude by discussing lessons from OSRD, such as what makes crisis …

-produced penicillin, antimalarials, and a flu vaccine. We draw on this episode to discuss the economics of crisis innovation. Since the … objectives of crisis R&D are different than ordinary R&D (prioritizing speed, coordination, redundancy, and more), we argue that … appropriate R&D policy in a crisis requires going beyond the standard Nelson-Arrow framework for research policy …