migrating peasants, and, consequently, has a positive effect on narrowing the rural-urban income or consumption gap. Urban labor …

This paper applies the German Socio-Economic Panel to analyse the effect of within household in-come comparison on … nine per cent. To state the economic significance,ae70,000 increase in external, peer reference income corresponds to a … quartiles, lower education and total income households, East German couples andhouseholds with greater fulltime employment share …

This study assesses temporal and spatial distribution of child deprivation and income poverty using the fifth and sixth … deprivation of children aged 7 to 17 years, and the outcomes were compared to the incidence of income poverty. The analyses reveal … areas; and differences in regional rankings of deprivation and income poverty. Distinct policies for child deprivation and …

-economic analyses of SOEP data show that income has a clear influence on donation behavior. Although the richest ten percent of … households contribute 37 percent of total donations, they donate less than the poorer income groups relative to their disposable … income. Despite this, the tax benefit from charitable giving is greater for richer households than for poorer because it is …