In many transition countries, the collapse of communism ushered in language reforms to adapt to the newfound independence from the Soviet Union and openness to the rest of the world. Such reforms may have implications for individuals’ economic opportunities, since foreign language proficiency...

Using Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) waves 4 and 5, we study the causal effects of education on patience. We use INPRES primary school construction program between 1973/4 and 1978, one of the biggest school construction programs till date, to instrument for completed years of schooling. The...