communism (1989), in mid-transition (1996) and in late/posttransition (2002). We show: dramatic increases in returns to … returns to education obtained during communism vs. transition; no change in wage-experience profiles over time; and similar … the planners did; all the adjustment occurred in early transition and was driven by market forces rather than private …

in the West (labor supply movements, product demand shifts, technical change) or the transition-specific accounts …

The gradualist approach to economic transition in Belarus would contribute to form the a priori expectation that the …

Following the collapse of planning, new small and medium-sized firms rapidly emerged in all transition economies. Using … formerly planned economies with those in economies outside transition, we document not only the challenges faced by transition …