presented. The key finding is that both preservice education and in-service training are positively correlated with labor … productivity. The productivity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is enhanced by a higher level of skills and education … that competitiveness is enhanced both by raising the general level of education in the workforce and by encouraging …

by the reform significantly increased their education and experienced higher labor income. Our main result is that the …. These results are not driven by the direct impact of education and are not explained by higher turnout, or greater attention …

global inefficiencies in the pure spatial allocation of labor between poorer and richer countries. But rigorous estimates are … labor by a factor of four, implying large spatial inefficiency. Short-term effects on households were modest. Effects on …