This paper examines the effects of "fragmentation,"defined as the splitting of a production process into two or more steps that can be undertaken in different locations but that lead to the same final product. Introducing the possibility of fragmentation into simple theoretical models of...

There have been increasing calls in recent years in the United States and other major industrial-ized countries for actions designed to harmonize domestic policies, institutions, and practices especially with regard to trade-related environmental and labor standards. As pointed out by Anderson...

This paper is the text of a lecture given on November 20, 1997 to inaugurate the John W. Sweetland Chair in International Economics, in the Department of Economics of the University of Michigan. Its message is that international trade theory, and in particular the theory of comparative...