The recent experience of adjustment policies in the Arab world and in the Third World in general clearly demonstrates that it is impossible to achieve a trade surplus large enough to service debt and restore sustainable external and internal balances. The policy of adjustment, with or without...

This book looks at the provision of finance in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) by the IMF and World Bank in return for economic liberalization, exploring the political motivations of funding and geo-politics in recipients. The effectiveness of funding is questioned, with evidence from...

The IMF has a track record of enforcing aggressive liberalisation in trade and investment alongside contractionary policies, such as austerity measures and regressive taxation, with negative impacts on growth, employment and inequality. However, statements released by the IMF since the 2008...