The developed theoretical model analyzes the welfare effects of labor migration. I find that for the receiving country immigration enhances welfare as long as the marginal benefits to the natives' income exceed the social costs of immigration. Over-emigration of workers generated by free...

I construct an immigration policy index which is heterogeneous across destination-origin country pairs and variant over time. This index is based on three types of entry visa restrictions: visa required, visa not required for short stays and visa not required at all. When estimated in levels,...