From the inception of International Monetary System (I.M.S.) the system has been facing liquidity problem. Starting with the gold standard, the limited stock of gold could not cope with the increasing world trade. The introduction of the gold-exchange standard which included some key currencies...

We review theoretical and empirical work on the economic effects of the United States and China trade relations during the last decades. We first discuss the origins of the China shock, its measurement, and present methods used to study its economic effects on different outcomes. We then focus...

Desde o princípio da crise econômica mundial, em 2007, o FMI tem atuado em diversas frentes para mobilizar apoio a seus 188 países membros. O Fundo ampliou a oferta e concessão de crédito, valeu-se de sua experiência internacional para sugerir soluções e empreendeu reformas que o...