We exploit a unique historical setting to investigate how refugee-specific government aid affects the medium-term outcomes of refugees who migrate as children and young adults. German Democratic Republic (GDR) refugees who escaped to West Germany between 1946 and 1961 who were acknowledged to be...

There are three overarching themes in this study, which is subdivided into eight chapters. The first theme covers macroeconomic shocks occurring right after the unification of the two Germanys and the socio-economic changes and integration processes that followed. Chapter 2 discusses the...

Over the last decades, Sweden has liberalized its citizenship policy by reducing the required number of years of residency to five for foreign citizens and only two for Nordic citizens. Dual citizenship has been allowed since 2001. During the same period, immigration patterns by country of birth...