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opening up in 1978, China has implemented reforming and opening policies in border regions, as represented by the “Xingbian … growth in China's border regions. Using China's county-level panel data from 1999 to 2016, we applied a spatial discontinuity … northeastern China. Further mechanism analysis showed that the effect of per capita GDP growth primarily resulted from the …
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National borders reduce trade, but most estimates of the border effect seem puzzlingly large. We show that major methodological innovations of the last decade combine to shrink the border effect to a one-third reduction in international trade flows worldwide. The border effect varies across...
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