"Amid sweeping conversations about the future of artificial intelligence and its impact on US industry and economy, one economic domain has remained relatively insulated from the discussion: health care. How is it possible that an industry so bemoaned for inefficiency and expense, an industry so...

"This paper investigates the impact of Medicare HMO penetration on the medical care expenditures incurred by Medicare fee-for-service enrollees. We find that increasing penetration leads to reduced health care spending on fee-for-service beneficiaries. In particular, a one percentage point...

A health insurer's Medical Loss Ratio (MLR) is the share of premiums spent on medical claims. As part of the goal of reducing the cost of health care coverage, the Affordable Care Act introduced minimum MLR provisions for all health insurance sold in fully-insured commercial markets as of 2011,...