were at the 79th, 91st, and 96th percentiles of baseline savings. Survey data show no clearly discernible intention …-to-treat effects on savings or any downstream outcomes. This suggests that policies merely focused on expanding access to basic …

How can retirement savings be increased? We explore a unique policy change in the context of the German pension system … these letters on the behavior of individuals. We find an increase in tax-deductible private retirement savings and provide … evidence that this is not due to a crowding-out of other forms of savings. We also show that labor earnings, i.e. the most …