Which incentives have the strongest impact on the size of the shadow economy? Is it about government's pressure against entrepreneurs operating in this sector, or is it about the benefits of legality? The goal of this paper is to explicitly contrast the role of sticks (court repressiveness) and...

The COVID-19 pandemic has had severe economic consequences in Southern Africa, resulting in an unprecedented decline in production and employment. Similar policy responses have emerged across the region, centred on temporary and inadequate relief for workers and businesses; very limited fiscal...

Die Zahl der Covid-19-Fälle und der damit verbundenen Todesfälle in Afrika wird in den offiziellen Daten erheblich unterschätzt, da die Test- und Überwachungskapazitäten in vielen Ländern gering sind. Schätzungen der Übersterblichkeit zeigen, dass die Meldelücke im Vergleich zu anderen...