increase in energy taxes in conjunction with a revenue-neutral cut in non-wage labor costs. This policy is supposed to yield a … constraints on the German economy. JI significantly lowers the level of carbon taxes and thus reduces the total costs of abatement …

climate change policies and establishing the first regional Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). These policies, however, raise … concerns are supported by quantitative evidence. It thus focuses on key economic indicators, such as costs, competitiveness and … the potential extra-EU spillover of the EU mitigation policy with a particular attention to developing countries. The …

assumptions about international carbon markets and mitigation timing, with costs for 2°C scenarios doubling in the absence of … of less than 2 degrees Celsius (2°C) warming. The policy costs of Asia's pledges are found to be less than 1% of gross … domestic product (GDP) through 2050, while 2°C scenarios may cost less than 2% of GDP. However, costs are sensitive to …

lagged response to emissions reductions, climate benefits outweigh costs by a factor of 3, with gains concentrated in the …-related employment also rises during the transition. However, appropriate policies are needed to address potential effects on …