to commercial banks. During the crisis, however, the Federal Reserve created a number of facilities to support brokers … banks to nonbank financial institutions. In a specialized financial system, which the GSA had helped create, the use of the … lender-of-last-resort safety net could be more comfortably limited to commercial banks. However, the elimination of GSA …

When the Covid-19 crisis struck, banks using internal-rating based (IRB) models quickly recognized the increase in risk … and reduced lending more than banks using a standardized approach. This effect is not driven by borrowers' quality or by … banks in countries with credit booms before the pandemic. The higher risk sensitivity of IRB models does not always result …