Germany like many other European countries subsidize commuting by granting the right to deduct commuting expenses from … the subsidy should be even higher. Furthermore, the different policy packages cause a very differentiated pattern …

subsidization program in Germany. We find that 38% of the aggregate subsidy accrues to the top two deciles of the population, but … inequality measures. This is due to two offsetting effects: a progressive one stemming from the subsidy schedule and a regressive …