unionization rate, RTW can be used as an instrumental variable (IV) to estimate the causal effect of unions on wages. In our … preferred specification based on the differential exposure design, the IV estimate of the effect of unions on wages is 0 …

density would have fallen by 5 percentage points between 2001 and 2012. Since membership fees are a substantial part of unions …' total revenues the findings have important implications for unions' viability. They are also significant because union …