In 1999, a reform of education was implemented in Poland, which added one year to the shortest available educational … path, leading to the acquisition of basic vocational education. In the new system, students choosing this path acquire one … more year of general education, which, according to the authors of the reform, should improve the student's position in the …

This paper re-examines the instrumental variable (IV) approach to estimating returns to education by use of compulsory … overcome these flaws by carefully distinguishing returns to education from the treatment effect of CSL. We find relatively …

marginal future earnings on the basis of a four-month shutdown. We also estimated the losses by level of education. The …

education closures to estimate the loss in marginal future earnings. The findings show that the school closures reduce future …

Child care and education are important inputs in the human capital production function. The research of Nobel prize … inputs, in short: skill begets skill. Therefore, it is crucial for a society to know how the public education system can … on the effects of some important aspects of education policies. It comprises an introduction and four core chapters which …