purposefully undermine US sanction efforts, we test whether target countries' trade with China and Russia increases under US trade … panel difference-in-differences estimations and an event study design. Motivated by the claim that China and Russia … sanctions. We find no evidence for systematic sanction busting. Russia does not change its trade patterns with sanctioned …

purposefully undermine US sanction efforts, we test whether target countries’ trade with China and Russia increases under US trade … panel difference-in-differences estimations and an event study design. Motivated by the claim that China and Russia … sanctions. We find no evidence for systematic sanction busting. Russia does not change its trade patterns with sanctioned …