In 1999, the euro was launched on the basis of treaties structured around the new economic orthodoxy that replaced Keynesianism. The Great Recession, the Euro Crisis and now the Pandemic Crisis, all of them deflationary demand crises which are incompatible with such an orthodoxy, have had a...

In this paper, we focus on the role of different types of crises (technological crises, financial market crises, natural disasters) and their effects on the demand for cash in an international context. It becomes evident that over the past 30 years cash demand always increased in times of...