. Moreover, in these municipalities: i) newspapers were more likely to report crime news involving pardoned individuals; ii …) voters held worse beliefs on the incumbent national government's ability to control crime and iii) with respect to the …

recidivating within a year by 20 percent. This is largely a specific deterrence effect driven by the punishment itself and not by …

conviction play a major role in explaining the variation of crime rates, while the impact of the severity of punishment is small … police, public prosecution and courts, respectively, on crime. Using detailed data on the different stages of the criminal … and insignificant. -- general deterrence ; certainty of punishment ; public prosecutors ; informal punishment ; panel data …

In 2016 the city of Bogotá doubled police patrols and intensified city services on high-crime streets. They did so … based on a policy and criminological consensus that such place-based programs not only decrease crime, but also have … effects and that such crime displaced nearby, especially property crimes. Confidence intervals suggest we can rule out total …