The share of immigrants in Western and Eastern Europe has increased rapidly over the past four decades.Today, one of every three immigrants in the world goes to Europe. Furthermore, although globally onlyone-third of migration takes place within regions, intraregional migration is especially...

The size of the economic shocks triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and the effects of the associated non-pharmaceutical interventions have not been fully assessed, because the official economic indicators have not been published. This paper provides estimates of the economic impacts of the...

This paper surveys studies of the importance of Central Asian small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in the economy and their experience during the Russian financial crisis. It also uses survey data from the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's Business...