Among the many meanings given to the idea of a European ‘constitution’, perhaps the most widespread relates to the … power the EU obviously lacks on its own. We can call this the ‘metabolic constitution’ of the EU, a term meant to focus our … attention on the capacity of a polity to convert resources into work toward public ends. The EU’s metabolic constitution is …

Constitution and the European constitutional theory were tested. A number of rather serious issues were raised concerning the … interpretation of the Constitution, the relationship between national Constitution, EU legal order and international law and the … Constitution itself, either through informal constitutional changes or through the formal amendment process. The main finding of …

's constitution. Using historical data dating back to the 19th century and applying a difference-in-difference approach we find that … instrumenting the probability of having budget rules on de jure constraints on changing the constitution. This and other tests …