, natural disasters) and their effects on the demand for cash in an international context. It becomes evident that over the past … 30 years cash demand always increased in times of crises, independent of the nature of the crisis itself.However, the …

account of the change in the circulation of euro banknotes and the use of cash in transactions during the pandemic; and (2) to …In the light of fears that the SARS-CoV-2 virus might be transmitted via cash – fears that were stoked by statements in … assess the survivability of the virus on cash and the potential transmission risks. The pandemic has caused a significant …

We analyze money financing of fiscal transfers (helicopter money) in two simple New Keynesian models: a "textbook …" model in which all money is non-interest-bearing (e.g., all money is currency), and a more realistic model with interest …-bearing reserves. In the textbook model with only non-interest-bearing money, we find the following: A money-financed fiscal expansion …

of conventional forms of money and CBDC. We analyze the impact of four different CBDC regimes: (i) no CBDC, (ii) each …Many central banks discuss the introduction of a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). Empirical evidence suggests that … households may differ in their willingness to hold CBDC. Against this background, this paper investigates the macroeconomic …

The complexity of credit money is seen as the central issue in the banking-macro nexus, which the author considers as a … origins of the theory of money and its role in contemporary monetary economics. Second, he briefly discusses current … in agent-based models of the banking-macro nexus. -- 20th century origins of the theory of money ; Schumpeterian credit …

the concept of so-called helicopter money. This article subjects key aspects of MMT to critical examination and shows … central banks and to place the power to create, allocate, and spend money permanently in the hands of politically elected …

likely to do so since it broke out. On the other hand, the consumers who had mostly been paying in cash have often continued … growth of cashless payment usage. The divide between those who pay in cash and those who do not, therefore, seems to have … of factors differentiating usage of cash and the cashless instrument is needed …