, natural disasters) and their effects on the demand for cash in an international context. It becomes evident that over the past … 30 years cash demand always increased in times of crises, independent of the nature of the crisis itself.However, the …

account of the change in the circulation of euro banknotes and the use of cash in transactions during the pandemic; and (2) to … increase in demand for cash as a store of value but a decrease in the use of cash in transactions. Although citizens reported … using cash less in transactions partly out of fear of infection, research confirms that the risk of the virus being …

facilitate transactions. In particular, households will face additional transaction costs if they do not hold their optimal mix …

likely to do so since it broke out. On the other hand, the consumers who had mostly been paying in cash have often continued … growth of cashless payment usage. The divide between those who pay in cash and those who do not, therefore, seems to have … of factors differentiating usage of cash and the cashless instrument is needed …