This paper reviews recent studies on the effectiveness of services and incentives offered to disadvantaged youth. We … programs ; incentives on inputs and outputs …

. Another (incentives) was offered substantial merit-scholarships for solid, but not necessarily top, first year grades. A third … offered both services and incentives than for those offered services alone. No program had an effect on men's grades or other … that incentives were given in the first year only. The results suggest that the study skills acquired in response to a …

Curriculum tracking creates incentives in the years before its start, and we should therefore expect test scores to be … be endogenous with respect to later-age policies, and add to a growing literature on incentives in education. …

, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Sweden, and Denmark come next. These countries all provide a rich base of compelling …