This paper proves that the income theories by Hicks and Fisher offer insufficient explanation, and that the existing measuring approaches greatly over-estimate income. Instead, it uses Keynes' definition to prove that income is actually profit. Part of the rental, wage and interest receipts is...

This paper finds that capital and labor incomes in the United States have become more closely associated since the 1980s. This contributed to the well-known increase in the top 1 percent's share of total income, exacerbating rising inequality in capital incomes and earnings. The paper shows that...