This study analyzes trends in average commute times in Brazil between 1992 and 2009. It distinguishes between the nine … according to income levels and gender. This paper is based on the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) carried out by the … Brazil. PNAD data is not conceived strictly for transport planning but is the only large-scale survey in Brazil with annual …

Extreme inequality in Brazil is self-evident. The historian José Murilo de Carvalho emblematically chose to end his … book on the history of citizenship in Brazil with the severe diagnosis that 'inequality is the slavery of today, the new … - income inequality as 'undesirably high', and as a source of 'pained conscience' (Simonsen 1972, 57; 59). [...] …

imperfectly identified. We quantify the relative statistical impact of income, unemployment, house prices, credit scores, debt … needs to allow for multiple determinants of consumption. Unemployment, income, and debt are important determinants of …

estimates by income group. Three income groups are defined, referred to as income terciles. This paper examines the financing of … consumption by income group. One source of financing is own labor income. But for age groups whose labor income is not sufficient … resources reallocated between age groups. The income groups differ in the manner the lifecycle deficits are financed. Some key …