-income brackets. It is highlighted that the country’s fiscal adjustment since 2009 has relied mainly on expenditure measures. …

This paper reviews Lithuania’s fiscal consolidation since 2009, assesses the contribution of revenue and expenditure to … lowest revenue-to-GDP ratio in the EU, Lithuania’s fiscal adjustment has so far relied mainly on expenditure measures, with …

framework of Global Fiscal Model (GFM) with technical details. It analyzes tax and expenditure measures and implications of …

This paper shows that increasing government social expenditures can make a substantive contribution to increasing … social expenditures for a panel of OECD countries and provides illustrative estimates of their implications for China. It … sustained 1 percent of GDP increase in public expenditures, distributed equally across education, health, and pensions, would …

from a number of existing tax and public expenditure studies for the countries in the region and find that the … distributional effect of taxation is regressive but small. In contrast, the redistributive impact of social spending is large and …