Many studies have analysed the gender pay gap, measuring and decomposing it. Far less empirical research has addressed the gap in total individual (gross or net) income between women and men. However, limiting the scope to earned income masks a substantial share of inequalities in the resources...

From the literature on decentralization, it appears that the fiscal vertical imbalance (i.e. the dependence of sub-national governments on national government revenues to support their expenditures) is somehow inherent to multi-level governments. Using a stylized model we show that this leads to...

The goal of this paper is to determine if electoral systems and inequality are linked. Using high-quality data (LIS database) and simple panel methods, we show that when the degree of proportionality of a system increases, inequality decreases. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.