We document widespread violations of stochastic dominance in the one-month S&P 500 index options market over the period 1986-2002. These violations imply that a trader can improve her expected utility by engaging in a zero-net-cost trade. We allow the market to be incomplete and also imperfect...

We document that leverage-adjusted returns on S&P 500 index call and put portfolios are decreasing in their strike-to-price ratio over 1986-2010, contrary to the prediction of the Black-Scholes-Merton model. We test a large number of plausible unconditional factor models and find that only...

Risk-neutral distributions of the S&P 500 inform about the COVID-19 pandemic beyond what one can learn from index values and the market fear gauge VIX alone. We learn that, on February 20, 2020, the index did not reflect the impending crisis yet. Only on March 16, 2020, was the full impact...