elections voters reward incumbents for local income growth, and punish them for a rise in inequality, over their entire term in … office. But in national elections voters behave myopically, rewarding growth in national income and a fall in inflation and … inequality only in the year preceding the election …

elections voters reward incumbents for local income growth, and punish them for a rise in inequality, over their entire term in … office. But in national elections voters behave myopically, rewarding growth in national income and a fall in inflation and … inequality only in the year preceding the election.Defining vigilance as retrospective voting - where voters evaluate incumbents …

using staggered timing of state elections. We find that rulers allocate more primary school resources in the years preceding … and following elections, but there is only weak evidence that resources are targeted to marginal constituencies. The … inspections. We also show that around election years, teachers spend more time on "non-teaching" activities. The political cycles …