data free of coresidency bias, we provide evidence on three large developing countries (China, India, and Indonesia) that …. The estimates of risk adjusted relative and absolute mobility for China, India and Indonesia suggest that the standard …

household and thus are likely to lead to yield a biased assessment of individual poverty, and poverty by age or gender. In this … priori. We then use data from the 2012 Indian Human Development Survey to create a standard household-based MPIs closely … higher when using the household-based measure. Similarly, the age differentials in poverty are much larger using the …