. As a result, official measures of poverty and inequality that treat medical spending symmetrically with consumption goods …, not as part of consumption. Adopting this perspective, we construct poverty and inequality measures for India that account …, are in a state of “hidden poverty” due to medical expenses. Furthermore, while poverty in India fell substantially from …

important implications for the measurement and interpretation of how health payments impact on consumption and poverty. Given … a ‘coping’-adjusted health expenditure ratio, (b) uncover poverty that is ‘hidden’ because total household expenditure … is inflated by financial coping strategies and (c) identify poverty that is ‘transient’ because necessary consumption is …

There is a wide agreement among poverty research community that conventional estimates of poverty (i.e., money … overestimate total household expenditure, which results in an underestimation of poverty measured in terms of household expenditure … poverty and child poverty estimates in five middle-income countries (India, Mexico, South Africa, Russian Federation and Peru …

relatively poor for both rural and urban areas across the states of India. The hypotheses that inequality impacts consumption …