growth and development also requires the generation of high productivity activities, quality employment, and greater domestic … balance of payments constraint, concentrated improvements in productivity and employment may remain at the industrial level …. Consequently, active policy efforts to generate quality employment on a wide scale and to improve the productivity in different …

productivity growth, while the older literature focused on average productivity improvements (“learning”). The authors use … important role in aggregate productivity gains immediately following the start of India's trade reforms in 1991. However …, aggregate productivity gains during the overall 20-year period from 1985 to 2004 were driven largely by improvements in average …

productivity in the manufacturing sector, focusing on the interaction between this policy shock and firm and environment … firm productivity. Specifically, reductions in trade protectionism lead to higher levels and growth of firm productivity …, investment climate, and financial development, do not appear to influence the effect of trade liberalization on firm productivity …