Gender gaps in skills exist around the world but differ remarkably among the high and low-and-middle income countries …. This paper uses a unique data set with more than 20,000 adolescents in rural India to examine whether socioeconomic status … and gender attitudes predict gender gaps in cognitive and noncognitive skills. We find steep socioeconomic and attitude …

Using a nationally representative large-scale survey of individual ICT skills in India (Multiple Indicators Survey … instrumental variables (IV) strategy. The IV approach exploits the dramatic expansion of cell towers in India as a source of supply … effects vary substantially across gender: women face a penalty in the form of a lower impact on salaried employment, but the …