substitute for financial inclusion in energy poverty reduction in Ghana. Pooled data and two stage least squares techniques are … inclusion in energy poverty mitigation) is based on two main criteria: (i) a positive interactive effect relative to the …

household and thus are likely to lead to yield a biased assessment of individual poverty, and poverty by age or gender. In this … higher when using the household-based measure. Similarly, the age differentials in poverty are much larger using the …Income-based as well as most existing multidimensional poverty indices (MPI) assume equal distribution within the …