The strong international growth of biofuels in the last decade brought the interest in bioenergy back on the agenda. While many life cycle assessments for biofuels mainly focus on environmental impacts and costs, over the last decade especially the energy balance of biofuel production chains has...

Energy is fundamental to the quality of life in the earth. Meeting the growing demand for energy sustainably is one of the major challenges of the 21st century. Indonesia is a developing country and the world's fourth most populous nation. Total annual energy consumption increased from...