scholars share the opinion that shocks reduce investment in education, there is no general agreement over the effects of …-post shocks on school progression in rural Indonesia. We develop a model of household school transition decisions from elementary …

"Among developing member countries (DMCs), Indonesia and the Philippines rank fairly high in the distribution of real … secondary and tertiary enrollment rates that are substantially higher, while Indonesia has rates that are substantially lower …

the aggregate shocks and the interaction between these shocks and the casual effects. We show that returns to investment …