&D spending, patent, and trademark activities of the world's largest corporate R&D investors and their membership of standards …'s patent and/or product-market position, and varies across different types of standards organizations. More specifically, a … strong patent position amplifies the effect of R&D spending on participation in standards-developing organizations, while a …

patent race where firms do R&D to develop products that are close substitutes. The effects of a standard are shown to depend …