invention or innovation cannot be guaranteed. Our main aim is to examine the relationship between business R&D expenditure …, invention and innovation in the long-run. We also examine the level of business R&D expenditure in EU countries. The long …The paper deals with the problem of business spending on research and development and their relation to innovation …

This chapter summarizes the basic characteristics of patent data as an innovation indicator and reviews some of the … surveys such as the “innovation survey” of firms and the inventor survey. They have deepened our understanding of the …