and landowners). Industrialization requires the elites to finance schools and the masses to attend them. Schooling raises … dominant elite at the regional and country level is the same and/or the industrialization shock is sufficiently high. If … 19th century France and Spain. …

The research explores the effect of industrialization on human capital formation. Exploiting exogenous regional … variations in the adoption of steam engines across France, the study establishes that, in contrast to conventional wisdom that … views early industrialization as a predominantly deskilling process, the industrial revolution was conducive for human …