This paper examines the long-run economic consequences of Russian serfdom. Employing data on the intensity of labor coercion at the district level in just prior to emancipation in 1861, we document that a greater legacy of serfdom is associated with lower economic well-being today. Our estimates...

China's ongoing urban economic growth has sharply increased the population's per capita income, lowered the count of people living below the poverty line, and caused major environmental problems. We survey the growing literature investigating the causes and consequences of China's urban...

This work studies urbanization in the Third World, emphasizing industrialization through the use of case studies. It examines the historical demography of India's urbanization; problems of infrastructure management; and the recruitment, migration, and reproduction of the labor force.