We estimate a gravity model to address the question of whether Africa`s bilateral trade with industrial countries is …, although the degree to which Africa overtrades has steadily declined over the past two-and-one-half decades …

selected countries in Africa over the years 2001-2012. It uses data from five emerging economies (Brazil, Russia, India, China …, and South Africa) and advanced countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States … emerging economies and advanced countries has increased labor productivity growth and employment in Africa, when human capital …