versus learning by exporting. According to the selection into exporting hypothesis, more productive firms self-select into … exporting due to high entry costs. The learning by exporting hypothesis, on the other hand, emphasizes that firms learn after … entering into the export market. We find evidence in support of both self-selection and learning by exporting. …

the same firm. This management variation accounts for about a fifth of the spread of productivity, a similar fraction as …: competition, business environment, learning spillovers and human capital. Collectively, these drivers account for about a third of …