created three models especially for the food industry, engineering and transportation. Methodology/methods: We used the … manufacturing industries (namely the food industry, engineering and transportation), we constructed three models and then compared …

integrated manufacturing firms in developed economies and, at the same time, to an increase in "outsourcing" of these same …

-level imports by country of origin and distinguish betweenfirm-level outsourcing of nal versus intfirmediate goods. Results indicate … that, both industry-level import competition andfirm-level outsourcing to China reducefirm employment growth and induce … skill upgrading. In contrast, industry-level imports have no e ect on Belgianfirm survival, whilefirm-level outsourcing of …

-level imports by country of origin and distinguish between firm-level outsourcing of final versus intermediate goods. Results … indicate that, both industry-level import competition and firm-level outsourcing to China reduce firm employment growth and …-level outsourcing of finished goods to China even increased firm's probability of survival. In terms of skill upgrading, the effect of …