, we document that offshoring reduces the relative demand for non-ICT capital, thereby also polarising the demand for …

on the level of ICT infrastructure. -- international trade ; business services ; gravity model ; distance ; time zones … distance between business partners is still relevant even when information and communication technologies (ICT) provide … evidence for the continuity effect in trade of business and commercial services which is even higher for trade with Non …

presents a comprehensive study of its trade impacts by incorporating recent insights from both the global value chain (GVC) and … time in trade literatures. Inserting tariffs directly into the gravity equation breaks the ITAs impact down into four … positive non-tariff effects on both imports (layer 3) and exports (layer 4). These commitment effects suggest that higher trade …

This paper estimates the non-linear impact of ICT network on motorway contribution to total factor productivity. Using …