The European Union is aiming to foster digital transformation in all sectors by 2030. It has pioneered cross-sectoral legislation on artificial intelligence, cloud computing services and crypto-assets for this purpose. Yet compared with the work done on ESG, the prospective banking regulation...

Between the 1880s and the 1930s, three “regulatory cycles” can be identified in Italy. In the underlying model, each financial crisis gives rise to regulatory changes, which are circumvented in due time by financial innovation, that can then contribute to the outbreak of a new financial...

Bank levies have been implemented broadly in Europe in differing ways. This paper offers an analysis of the UK bank levy, compares it to the levies in France and Germany, and outlines the US position. It particularly highlights the marked instability which has characterised the UK levy and the...