We examine the diversification of administrative and procedural costs on patent stock using a large dataset from the European Patent Office with 15,000 firms for the period between 1995 and 2015. The results reveal that administrative and procedural costs are significant for firm-level patenting...

Rwanda, led by its Ministry of Health, was the first African country to implement Performance- Based Financing (PBF) nationwide in its health centers and hospitals. The country then went on to pilot RBF interventions at the community level. Rewarding community members who provide and use...